Peptide education
5-Amino-1MQ
5-amino-1-methylquinolinium · 5A1MQ
5-Amino-1MQ is not a peptide. This small molecule has been used in research on nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT). Experiments in cells and mice have examined its metabolic effects, but those experiments do not show what it does in people.
The direct metabolic findings described here come from small, short mouse studies. A targeted search did not identify a human clinical trial. Human effects, safety, and dosing are not established.
Overview
Quick answer
The chemical name can refer to a parent ion or to a particular salt. The identity, counterion, and amount in a product need to be established separately. A chemical registry entry is not proof of drug approval or product quality.
Is 5-Amino-1MQ a peptide?
No. It is a quinolinium-based small molecule. PubChem lists the parent cation separately from salt forms, so a shared name does not identify a specific formulation.
What has been studied?
Researchers tested NNMT activity and cell responses in the laboratory, then measured weight, fat tissue, and metabolic markers in mice. These are preclinical results, not measurements of human treatment outcomes.
Is there an established human regimen?
No human regimen was established by the sources reviewed. Published mouse experiments used weight-based amounts that must not be treated as human doses.
What is known about safety?
Human safety, interactions, and long-term effects remain uncertain. A short animal experiment cannot establish whether a product is safe for people.
Evidence
Evidence snapshot
The registry entry identifies 5-amino-1-methylquinolinium. A salt or finished product needs its own identity and amount basis.
One experiment reported lower body weight and fat-pad mass than vehicle. Another reported less weight and fat gain in mice on a high-fat diet.
Searches of a trial registry and PubMed under selected names did not identify a human clinical trial. Unregistered, unpublished, or differently named studies can be missed.
An FDA warning letter discussed the iodide form at one outsourcing facility. The linked FDA database overview is not a saved search or a determination of this compound's approval status.
Claims
Common claims vs evidence
| Claim | Human evidence | Mechanistic evidence | Verdict |
|---|---|---|---|
| It causes fat loss in people. | A targeted registry and literature search did not identify a human clinical trial. That search cannot prove that every possible human observation is absent. | In one controlled experiment, treated mice lost body weight and had lower fat-pad mass than mice given vehicle. A separate mouse experiment found less weight and fat gain during treatment. | Animal findings do not establish human fat loss or predict the effect of a particular product. |
| NNMT inhibition proves a metabolic benefit. | The sources reviewed do not establish a clinical metabolic benefit in people. | Experiments measured NNMT inhibition and changes in metabolites and lipid accumulation in cells. A mouse study also measured changes in glucose tolerance and insulin-related markers. | These measurements describe a biological hypothesis and preclinical outcomes, not a proven human treatment. |
| A mouse dose establishes a human dose. | The sources reviewed do not establish a human dose, route, frequency, or course. | Mouse studies used weight-based amounts and, in separate pharmacokinetic tests, different routes. Those methods cannot be converted directly into a human regimen. | Animal-study regimens are research context, not dosing advice. |
Bottom line
Main takeaway
This is a small molecule, not a peptide. The results described here are from cells and mice, not a demonstrated human fat-loss treatment.
Check the exact chemical and salt identity, but do not mistake product paperwork or an animal study for evidence of human effectiveness or safety.
Read the study population, vehicle comparator, route, and follow-up together. The first mouse paper does not clearly identify its preparation's counterion. The human-trial search has naming and registration limits.
Identity
What it is
5-Amino-1MQ is short for 5-amino-1-methylquinolinium, a small molecule studied as an inhibitor of NNMT. It has no peptide chain.
The parent ion and a salt with an added counterion have different chemical specifications. Results from one research preparation do not identify the contents of a different product.
Research
Research evidence
The mouse papers cited below did not enroll people. Targeted searches of ClinicalTrials.gov and PubMed did not identify a human clinical trial under the searched names. Those searches have limits and do not rule out unregistered or unpublished work.
| Study / evidence area | Population | Design | Product context | Main outcome | Limitations | Weight |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Targeted registry and literature searches | Records indexed under selected compound names | Database searches, not a clinical study | 5-amino-1MQ and selected name variants | No matching human clinical trial was identified by the searches. | Search terms, indexing, registration, and publication all limit what can be found. The result is not proof that no human exposure has occurred. | Search result, not a clinical outcome |
Use context
Reported use context
These are documented animal research methods and one facility-specific regulatory observation. They are not a human regimen or a recommendation.
Study and label context
The paper reported 20 mg/kg per injection three times daily for 11 days. It also expressed the total as approximately 34 mg/kg/day of parent compound on a free-weight basis. The paper does not clearly specify the counterion or the mass basis of the per-injection amount, so the two figures should not be treated as directly interchangeable.
This was an animal experiment with nine mice per group, not a human dose or safety study.The researchers assigned mice on a high-fat diet to vehicle or once-daily amounts of 10 or 32 mg/kg/day. The abstract reports 28 days; the methods describe treatment continuing for 30 days.
The report describes a short mouse experiment, not human dosing or long-term safety. Its authors disclosed commercial interests.Real-world discussion
An FDA warning letter identified 5-amino-1-methylquinolinium iodide among substances used by the named facility in compounded products.
This is a facility-specific regulatory observation, not evidence of a common human regimen, product effectiveness, or the quality of other products.Cautions
Safety and unknowns
- No human safety, interaction, or long-term outcome profile was established by the sources reviewed.
- A lack of obvious effects in a short animal study is not evidence that a human product is safe.
- Parent-ion identity, salt form, purity, labeled amount, and sterility are separate product-specific questions.
Product quality
Product identity and quality
A chemical name or identifier does not verify the contents or quality of a particular product. The FDA letter concerns one facility and should not be generalized into a claim about every supplier.
Chemical and salt identity
The parent ion and different counterions have different specifications.
Amount basis
A stated mass may refer to a salt or to its parent compound.
Product-specific quality
Identity, impurities, and sterility cannot be inferred from a study name.
Mechanism
How it is proposed to work
NNMT is an enzyme involved in nicotinamide and methyl-donor metabolism. 5-Amino-1MQ inhibited NNMT in laboratory experiments; what that would mean for health outcomes in people has not been established.
NNMT transfers a methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine to nicotinamide. Cell experiments measured changes in the enzyme's products and in other metabolites.
Changes in cell assays or mouse glucose measurements do not establish the same effect in people or the safety of sustained enzyme inhibition.
Details
Technical details
Sources
References
- 1.
PubChem. 5-Amino-1-methylquinolinium
Chemical identity of the parent cation, not a particular salt or product.
- 2.
PubChem. 5-Amino-1-methylquinolinium chloride
Registry record for the chloride salt, distinct from the parent cation and iodide salt.
- 3.
PubChem. 5-Amino-1-methylquinolinium iodide
Registry record for the iodide salt, distinct from the parent cation and chloride salt.
- 4.
doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2017.11.007 PMID:29155147
Cell experiments and a short, controlled study in male mice, not a human trial.
- 5.
PubMed. Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase inhibition mitigates obesity-related metabolic dysfunction
doi:10.1111/dom.15879 PMID:39161060
Male mouse metabolic and pharmacokinetic experiments; authors disclosed commercial interests.
- 6.
ClinicalTrials.gov. ClinicalTrials.gov exact-name study search
The named search returned no records; it cannot rule out unregistered or differently named studies.
- 7.
PubMed. PubMed search for clinical trials of 5-amino-1MQ
The search uses a proximity term and selected name variants with trial terms; it can miss differently named, unindexed, or unpublished studies.
- 8.
FDA. FDA warning letter concerning an outsourcing facility
FDA identified the iodide salt in a facility-specific 503B discussion; sterility concerns were facility-wide.
- 9.
FDA. FDA drug approvals and databases
FDA overview linking to its drug application database, not a saved search or an approval determination for this compound.